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Down Syndrome (updated April 2000)
What information can you provide about Down syndrome?
Down syndrome is the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormality, occurring once in
approximately every 800 to 1,000 live births. Over 350,000 people in the United States have
Down syndrome. Down syndrome is usually caused by an error in cell division called
non-disjunction. People with Down syndrome have an extra, critical portion of the number 21
chromosome present in all, or some, of their cells. This additional genetic material alters the
course of development and causes the characteristics associated with the syndrome. Most people
with Down syndrome have some level of mental retardation; however, the level usually falls into
the mild to moderate range and is not indicative of the many strengths and talents that each
individual possesses. Children with Down syndrome learn to sit, walk, talk, play, toilet train and
do most other activities only somewhat later than their peers without down syndrome.
Early intervention services, which begin shortly after birth, help children with Down syndrome
develop to their full potential. Quality educational programs, along with a stimulating home
environment and good medical care enable people with Down syndrome to become contributing
members of their families and communities. (From
http://www.nas.com/downsyn/)
Following are links to related ERIC Digests, frequently asked questions (FAQs), Internet resources, and Internet discussion groups,
as well as selected citations from the ERIC database and the search terms we used to find the
citations.
You can search the ERIC database yourself on the Internet through either of the following web sites:
ERIC Citations
The full text of ERIC documents (for example, EDxxxxxx) is available:
- In microfiche collections worldwide; to find your nearest ERIC Resource Collection, point your web browser to: http://ericae.net/derc.htm.
- For a fee through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS): http://edrs.com, service@edrs.com, or 1.800.443.ERIC.
(no longer available)
The full text of citations beginning with an EJ number (for example, EJxxxxxx) is available for a fee from:
- The originating journal
- Through interlibrary loan services at your local college or public library
- From article reproduction services such as
ERIC Search Terms Used
Down syndrome
EJ517849 EA531582
A Quartet of Success Stories: How to Make Inclusion Work
Farlow, Leslie
Educational Leadership, v53 n5 p51-55 Feb 1996
ISSN: 0013-1784
Language: English
Document Type: EVALUATIVE REPORT (142); PROJECT DESCRIPTION
(141);
JOURNAL ARTICLE (080)
Journal Announcement: CIJJUN96
As the profiles of four mentally handicapped teenagers show,
students with severe
disabilities can benefit from being included in subject-area
classes. To facilitate
inclusion, teachers can allow peers to facilitate learning, prime
students to be
successful participants, give students valued roles, utilize
existing expertise, and
adapt the curriculum.
Descriptors: Autism; Case Studies; *Cooperative Learning; Cost
Effectiveness; Downs
Syndrome; High Schools; *Inclusive Schools; *Peer Teaching;
*Severe Disabilities;
*Special Needs Students; *Tutors
EJ441917 PS519227
Using Total Communication with Young Children with Down
Syndrome: A Literature
Review and Case Study
Gibbs, Elizabeth D.; Carswell, Lynn E.
Early Education and Development, v2 n4 p306-20 Oct 1991
ISSN: 1040-8289
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); REVIEW LITERATURE (070);
RESEARCH
REPORT (143)
Journal Announcement: CIJJUL92
Total communication is the simultaneous use of speech and
manual signs. This
article presents a literature review regarding language
disabilities of children with
Down's syndrome and a case study concerning the effectiveness of
the use of total
communication with an infant with Down's syndrome.
Descriptors: Case Studies; *Downs Syndrome; Early Childhood
Education; *Early
Intervention; *Expressive Language; *Infants; *Language
Handicaps; Literature Reviews;
Manual Communication; Oral Language; Speech Therapy; *Total
Communication
Identifiers: *Developmental Delays; Language Delayed; Special
Needs Children
EJ439492 EC602164
Searching for a Life-Span Psychobiology of Down Syndrome:
Advancing Educational and
Behavioural Management Strategies
Gibson, David
International Journal of Disability, Development and Education,
v38 n1 p ntal Growth through Education). Contents cover the
following topics:
historical review of developments regarding Down Syndrome (John
Rynders), life as a
journey (J. Rynders), the new baby's life within the family,
(Janet Sophie Thayer),
health promotion during the early years (Margaret Horrobin),
stimulation of the young
child's development (J. Rynders), family adjustment and
adaptation (Brian H. Abery),
becoming literate and socialized during the school years (J.
Rynders), participating
in community recreation (J. Rynders et al.), the transition from
school to work and
independent living (Alan Fletcher), maintaining health into
adulthood (M. Horrobin),
perspectives of parents and siblings (J. Rynders), and the life
views of young
adults with Down Syndrome (I. Karon Sherarts). Numerous
photographs illustrate the
personal accounts. A resource compilation by Shannon Matson
lists national
organizations on Down Syndrome, assistive technology and
communication aids,
computers/technology resource centers, recreation resources,
books, and journals.
Also appended are: information on reading skill stages, tips for
adapting common
recreation activities for young adults, and a list of assessment
instruments and
where they can be obtained.
Descriptors: Adapted Physical Education; Adults; *Child
D yndrome Society, New York, NY. Oct 1996
57p.
Available From: National Down Syndrome Society, 666 Broadway,
New York, NY 10012-
2317; phone: 800-221-4602; World Wide Web:
http://www.ndss.org
EDRS Price - MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS.
Language: English
Document Type: RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Geographic Source: U.S.; New York
Journal Announcement: RIEMAR97
Ninety parents of children (mean age 9.3 years) with Down
syndrome and their
children's teachers were surveyed to investigate the success of
inclusive practices.
This study examined responses on parent and teacher
questionnaires and parent
anecdotal records. Several factors influenced parent reports of
successful inclusion
experiences, including: (1) preparation of the teacher; (2)
format of the curriculum
(lesson plans and materials); (3) curricular style of the
teacher; (4) classroom
management style of the teacher; (5) unity between special
education and typical
education; (6) parental confidence in professionals; (7) child
contact and
encouragement from peers; and (8) if the child had friends in
class. The teachers
found inclusion challenging, rewarding, and of great value to
their typical education
students as well as children with Down syndrome. The report
describes learning
characteristics of individuals with Down syndrome and makes
suggestions for classroom
practice in the areas of attention, memory, concept attainment,
meditational
strategies and paired associates, transfer of learning, and
student motivation.
Difficulties in speech and language, reading, and math skills are
also described,
accompanied by suggestions for classroom practice. Appendices
include the parent and
teacher surveys. A bibliography with 40 listings is included.
Descriptors: Classroom Techniques; *Downs Syndrome; Educational
Practices;
*Educational Strategies; Elementary Education; *Inclusive
Schools; Language
Impairments; Mainstreaming; Mathematics Skills; *Parent
Attitudes; Peer Relationship;
Program Effectiveness; Reading Difficulties; Speech Impairments;
Student
Characteristics; Student Motivation; *Teacher Attitudes;
*Teaching Methods
The following books on Down syndrome can be obtained from your local book store or public library:
Babies with Down Syndrome: A New Parents' Guide, edited by Karen Stray-Gundersen. Woodbine House, 6510 Bells Mill Rd., Bethesda, MD 20817. 800.843.7323; http://www.woodbinehouse.com/
Classroom Language Skills for Children with Down Syndrome: A Guide for Parents and Teachers. Libby Kumin. Woodbine House, 6510 Bells Mill Rd., Bethesda, MD 20817. 800.843.7323; http://www.woodbinehouse.com/
A Parent's Guide to Down Syndrome: Toward a Brighter Future Siegfriend M. Pueschel. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., PO Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285-0624. 800-638-3775; http://www.brookespublishing.com
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