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Cerebral Palsy (updated April 2000)
Do you have information on cerebral palsy?
Cerebral palsy is a condition caused by damage to the brain, usually occurring before, during or
shortly following birth. "Cerebral" refers to the brain and "palsy" to a disorder of movement or
posture. It is neither progressive nor communicable. It is also not "curable" in the accepted sense,
although education, therapy, and applied technology can help persons with cerebral palsy lead
productive lives. It is not a disease and should never be referred to as such. It can range from
mild to severe.
The causes of cerebral palsy include illness during pregnancy, premature delivery, or lack of
oxygen supply to the baby; or it may occur early in life as a result of an accident, lead poisoning,
viral infection, child abuse, or other factors. Chief among the causes is an insufficient amount of
oxygen or poor flow of blood reaching the fetal or newborn brain. Lack of good prenatal care
may also be a factor. A less common type is acquired cerebral palsy: head injury is the most
frequent cause, usually the result of motor vehicle accidents, falls, or child abuse.
Cerebral palsy is characterized by an inability to fully control motor function. Depending on
which part of the brain has been damaged and the degree of involvement of the central nervous
system, one or more of the following may occur: spasms; tonal problems; involuntary
movement; disturbance in gait and mobility; seizures; abnormal sensation and perception;
impairment of sight, hearing or speech; and mental retardation. Early identification of cerebral
palsy can lessen developmental problems and lead to appropriate intervention when it helps the
most. Early intervention programs are family-centered in which professionals and families work
together with the child in specific activities. Educators, physical and occupational therapists,
social workers, speech-language pathologists, psychologists and physicians can assist families by
providing information and education. (From www.gretmar.com/webdoctor/cpinfor.html)
Following are links to related Internet resources and Internet discussion groups,
as well as selected citations from the ERIC database and the search terms we used to find the
citations.
You can search the ERIC database yourself on the Internet through either of the following web sites:
ERIC Citations
The full text of ERIC documents (for example, EDxxxxxx) is available:
- In microfiche collections worldwide; to find your nearest ERIC Resource Collection, point your web browser to: http://ericae.net/derc.htm.
- For a fee through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS): http://edrs.com, service@edrs.com, or 1.800.443.ERIC.
(no longer available)
The full text of citations beginning with an EJ number (for example, EJxxxxxx) is available for a fee from:
- The originating journal
- Through interlibrary loan services at your local college or public library
- From article reproduction services such as
ERIC Search Terms Used
cerebral palsy
EJ499231 EC610474
Thomas the Writer: Case Study of a Child with Severe Physical, Speech, and Visual
Impairments.
Blischak, Doreen M.
Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, v26 n1 p11-20 Jan 1995
ISSN:
0161-1461
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Journal
Announcement: CIJJUL95
A case study is presented of a nine-year-old boy with quadriplegic cerebral palsy and
vision
impairment, chronicling his development of augmentative and alternative
communication
(AAC) and literacy skills from birth to second grade. Development and use of his AAC
system
is described, along with activities for language and literacy development.
Descriptors: *Augmentative and Alternative Communication; Case Studies; Cerebral
Palsy;
Communication Aids (for Disabled); *Communication Disorders; Early Childhood
Education;
Intermediate Grades; *Language Acquisition; *Literacy Education; Multiple Disabilities;
Physical Disabilities; Severe Disabilities; *Visual Impairments
ED361943 EC302410
The School Experience for Gifted Students with Cerebral Palsy.
Willard-Holt,
Colleen
Apr 1993; 12p.; Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the American
Educational
Research Association (Atlanta, GA, April 12-16, 1993).
EDRS Price -
MF01/PC01 Plus
Postage.
Language: English
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Geographic Source: U.S.; Indiana
Journal Announcement: RIEFEB94
This paper presents a study of two intellectually gifted students (ages 6 and 14) who
have
cerebral palsy and are unable to communicate orally. Results of participant
observation,
interviews, and document analysis revealed that: (1) gifted students who have cerebral
palsy and
do not speak exhibit indicators of cognitive ability that are similar to those exhibited by
nondisabled gifted students, though the expression and recognition of these indicators
are
inhibited by communication barriers; (2) classroom atmosphere, structures, and
instructional
activities differentially impact the intellectual development of gifted students with
physical
disabilities; (3) gifted students with physical disabilities are able, with some
modifications, to
integrate and succeed academically and socially in regular classrooms; and (4) many
barriers
must be overcome by gifted students with physical disabilities in order to reach their
goals. The
study demonstrates the importance of looking beyond the obvious external
manifestations of
intellectual talent and illustrates some unique behaviors that may appear given
appropriate
circumstances.
Descriptors: Ability Identification; Case Studies; *Cerebral Palsy; *Cognitive Ability;
Communication Disorders; Communication Problems; Educational Experience;
Elementary
School Students; Elementary Secondary Education; *Gifted Disabled; *Intellectual
Development; Mainstreaming; Performance Factors; Physical Disabilities; Secondary
School
Students
ED353713 EC301744
Cerebral Palsy: General Information. Fact Sheet Number 2 = La Paralisis Cerebral:
Informacion General. Fact Sheet Number 18.
Interstate Research Associates, McLean, VA.; National Information Center for
Children and
Youth with Disabilities, Washington, DC. 1993; 5p. Sponsoring Agency: Special
Education Programs (ED/OSERS), Washington, DC. Contract No: H030A00002
EDRS
Price - MF01/PC01 Plus Postage.
Language: English; Spanish
Document Type: REVIEW LITERATURE (070); MULTILINGUAL/BILINGUAL
MATERIALS (171)
Geographic Source: U.S.; District of Columbia
Journal Announcement: RIEJUN93
This fact sheet on cerebral palsy is offered in both English and Spanish. First, it
provides a
definition and considers various causes (e.g., an insufficient amount of oxygen
reaching the fetal
or newborn brain). The fact sheet then offers incidence figures and explains
characteristics of
the three main types of cerebral palsy: spastic, athetoid, and ataxic. It briefly
discusses
developmental, educational, and employment implications. These include the value of
early
identification and intervention.
Descriptors: *Cerebral Palsy; Definitions;
Early
Intervention; *Educational Needs; Elementary Secondary Education; Etiology;
Incidence;
Preschool Education; *Symptoms (Individual Disorders)
EJ508353 EC611761
How Technology Assists My Daughter to Compete in the Mainstream of Life.
Lode,
Carol
Exceptional Parent, v22 n8 p34,41 Nov-Dec 1992
Journal availability: Psy-Ed Corp., 209 Harvard St., Suite 303, Brookline, MA
02146-5005.
ISSN: 0046-9157
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); POSITION PAPER (120)
Journal
Announcement: CIJDEC95
A mother recounts how her kindergarten-aged daughter (who has severe cerebral
palsy and is
quadriplegic and nonverbal) is able to participate in mainstream school life with the
assistance
of an electrically powered wheelchair, an electronic speech output device, and a
computer.
Descriptors: *Assistive Devices (for Disabled); *Cerebral Palsy;
Communication
Aids (for Disabled); Computers; *Mainstreaming; Personal Narratives; Primary
Education;
*Severe Disabilities; Wheelchairs
EJ404894 CG537125
Family Strengths in the Care of Handicapped Children: Targets for Intervention.
McCubbin, Marilyn A.; Huang, S. T. Tina
Family Relations, v38 n4 p436-43 Oct 1989
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Journal
Announcement: CIJAUG90
Investigated 130 2-parent families with children who had mild, moderate, or severe
cerebral
palsy to examine the critical family strengths which contributed to the overall health and
health
improvement of these children. Used the Typology Model of Adjustment and
Adaptation to
examine the relationships between family stress, family types, resources, and parental
coping to
improvement in the child's health.
Descriptors: *Adjustment (to
Environment); *Cerebral Palsy; *Coping; Family Attitudes; *Family Characteristics;
Family
Financial Resources; Family Involvement; Models; Stress Management
Identifiers: Typology Model of Adjustment and Adaptation EJ399530
PS517036
How Do I Help Jacob?
Heitz, True
Young Children, v45 n1 p11-15 Nov 1989
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); RESEARCH REPORT (143);
TEACHING
GUIDE (052)
Journal Announcement: CIJAPR90
Target Audience: Practitioners
Presents one teacher's experience with a student with minimal cerebral palsy in an
open
classroom from kindergarten to the third grade. Addresses questions that arose
concerning ways
to help a child with special needs in the classroom.
Descriptors: Case
Studies; *Cerebral Palsy; *Classroom Environment; *Kindergarten Children;
*Mainstreaming; Parent Teacher Cooperation; Peer Relationship; Primary Education;
Public
Schools; *Student Adjustment; *Teacher Role; Teacher Student Relationship; Teaching
Guides
EJ399061 EC221153
Early Interference.
Cooper, Marianne Leone
Exceptional Parent, v19 n6 p34-37 Sep 1989
Special Issue: 17th Annual Education Issue.
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); POSITION PAPER (120); PROJECT
DESCRIPTION (141)
Journal Announcement: CIJAPR90
Target Audience: Parents
A mother recounts her negative experiences with an early intervention program for her
cerebral
palsied infant and encourages parents to assert themselves if a program is not meeting
their
child's needs.
Descriptors: *Cerebral Palsy; *Early Intervention; Infants; *Parent Attitudes; Parent
School
Relationship; Personal Narratives; *Program Attitudes
EJ385461 EC212048
He Opened His Eyes and Smiled.
Dixon, Harrison A.
Exceptional Parent, v19 n1 p18-20,22-23 Jan-Feb 1989
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
Journal Announcement: CIJJUL89
Target Audience: Parents
A father relates his family's efforts to provide early stimulation to a son diagnosed with
cerebral palsy and visual impairments. As the boy developed, he listened to audiotape
recordings of music and nursery rhymes, explored household objects, watched
television, played
computer games, and was eventually enrolled in a mainstreamed kindergarten. Descriptors:
Case Studies; *Cerebral Palsy; *Child Development; *Family Influence;
Family
Involvement; Intervention; Outcomes of Education; Parent Influence; Parent
Participation;
Personal Narratives; Premature Infanlooking for materials to help inform, educate, or
challenge
them regarding the issues surrounding disabilities. This directory of audiovisual
materials
available from the State Library of Florida includes materials that present ideas ad
personal
experiences covering a range of disabling conditions, including autism, cerebral palsy,
epilepsy,
hearing impairment, loss of limbs, mental illness, mental retardation, paraplegia, spina
bifida,
and visual impairment. Issues that relate to these conditions include assistive devices,
attitudes,
independent living, institutionalization, motivation, physical accessibility, rehabilitation,
and
sign language. Each entry in the directory includes information on target audience,
format
(audiocassette, 16mm film, slides, 3/4" videocassette, or VHS videocassette), length of
time,
producer, and year of release; a brief annotation; and a list of subjects covered
(including an
indication of the type of disability addressed). Instructions for requesting materials from
the
State Library of Florida are provided.
Descriptors: Amputations;
*Audiovisual
Aids; Autism; Catalogs; Cerebral Palsy; *Disabilities; Epilepsy; Hearing Impairments;
Instructional Materials; Mental Disorders; Mental Retardation; Neurological
Impairments;
Visual Impairments
Identifiers: *Florida State Library
EJ380102 EC211152
Nutritional Assessment of the Young Child with Cerebral Palsy.
Fee, Maureen
A.; And
Others
Infants and Young Children, v1 n1 p33-40 Jul 1988
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055);
PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
Journal Announcement: CIJAPR89
Children with cerebral palsy sometimes display nutritional inadequacy, as evaluated
through
anthropometric measurements and laboratory values. Causes of poor nutritional status
include
inadequate calories offered or adequate calories offered but not consumed.
Inadequate caloric
retention may be due to vomiting, rumination, or gastroesophageal reflux. Refeeding is
a
possible intervention effort.
Descriptors: Body Weight; *Cerebral Palsy; Child Development; *Clinical Diagnosis;
*Eating
Habits; Health Conditions; *Intervention; *Nutrition; Physical Health; Young
Children
Identifiers: *Early Intervention; *Nutritional Therapy
EJ363429 EC201126
Physical Education Activities for Children with Severe Cerebral Palsy.
Miller,
Sue
Ellen; Schaumberg, Ken
Teaching Exceptional Children, v20 n2 p9-11 Win 1988
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL
(055)
Journal Announcement: CIJAPR88
Severe cerebral palsied children require adapted physical education activities, and
teachers'
consultation with physical therapists can help in planning appropriate activities for
them. Gross
motor activities (such as sitting T-ball and wheelchair knockdown) that have been
successfully
used with elementary and middle school students are suggested.
Descriptors:
*Adapted Physical Education; *Cerebral Palsy; Cooperative Planning; Elementary
Education;
*Physical Activities; Physical Therapists; Psychomotor Skills; *Severe Disabilities
ED312814 EC221272
It's Your Turn at Bat: Featuring Mark Riley. The Kids on the Block Book Series.
Aiello, Barbara; Shulman, Jeffrey
1988; 51p.; For related books, see EC 221 270-277.
Report No:
ISBN-0-941477-02-9
Available From: Twenty-First Century Books, 38 South Market St., Frederick, MD
21701
($12.95).
EDRS Price - MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS.
Language:
English
Document Type: INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIAL (051); CREATIVE WORK (030);
BOOK
(010)
Geographic Source: U.S.; Maryland
Journal Announcement: RIEAPR90
Target Audience: Students
One of a series of children's books written from the point of view of an elementary
grade child
with a disability or other problem, the stories emphasize similarities in childhood
experience
while providing information specific to the disability. In this book, Mark, a fifth grader
with
cerebral palsy, has been reluctantly doing research on sewing machines for a school
report. He
discovers that the money for his team's baseball jerseys that he has been responsible
for is
missing, and he finds himself feeling more friendly toward sewing machines. After the
story, a
question and answer section provides answers (by Mark) of typical questions children
often have
about cerebral palsy. These include: "Why are you in a wheelchair?" "What is cerebral
palsy?"
"What is it like to have CP?" "Does having CP mean that you're crippled or
handicapped? Does
it matter what people call you?" "But how can you play baseball in a wheelchair?" "Can
you
play other sports?" "Isn't it hard to get around in a wheelchair?" "Can you go real fast in
your
wheelchair?" "Why do you talk funny?" "Why do you wear a helmet?" "Will you get
better?"
"Are you sad that you have CP?"
Descriptors: Books; *Cerebral Palsy; *Childhood Attitudes; Childrens Literature;
Elementary
Education; Fiction; Peer Acceptance; Self Concept
ED252036 EC171193
The Early Needs of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Comprehensive View.
Blackman,
James A.; Healy, Alfred
Iowa Univ., Iowa City. Div. of Developmental Disabilities. 1983; 38p. Sponsoring
Agency:
Health Resources and Services Administration (DHHS/PHS),
Rockville, MD. Office for Maternal and Child Health Services.
Grant No:
HDDS-PHS-07-X-194000-81
EDRS Price - MF01/PC02 Plus Postage.
Language: English
Document Type: NON-CLASSROOM MATERIAL (055)
Geographic Source: U.S.; Iowa
Journal Announcement: RIEMAY85
Target Audience: Parents; Practitioners
Intended for professionals and parents, this monograph focuses on the service needs
of young
children with cerebral palsy. Section I presents an overview of cerebral palsy, including
etiology, incidence, and history of management. Section II describes service needs in
the
following areas: prevention; early identification; treatment; the interdisciplinary team;
primary,
secondary, and tertiary care; community support services; links with educational
services; and
training for health professionals. Section III discusses coordination of services in the
context of
decision-making and prevention planning. A short appendix lists references for further
reading.
Descriptors: *Agency Cooperation; *Cerebral Palsy; Clinical Diagnosis; *Community
Coordination; *Community Services; Handicap Identification; Health Personnel; Young
Children
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