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Apraxia-FAQ (updated April 2000)
What can you tell me about apraxia?
Apraxia of speech is felt to be a neurogenic (neurologically based) speech motor disorder. Many
(or perhaps most) children with apraxia of speech have no abnormalities as detected by MRI
scans. Others may have specific damage to a part of the brain that can account for the problem.
In the latter case, some children are born with such damage and other children acquire damage to
the brain by accident or illness.
Children with apraxia of speech reportedly do not do progress well in their actual speech
production with therapy tailored for other articulation problems or with language stimulation
approaches. Additionally, in young children the motor/sensory techniques, oral-motor exercises,
drills, etc. should be woven into play activities that are highly motivational to them. What
experienced therapists and families report is that children with apraxia need frequent one-on-one
therapy and lots of repetition of sounds, sound sequences, and movement patterns in order to
incorporate them and make them automatic.
Also, many therapists recommend the use of sign language, picture books, and other means to
augment speech in the child who is not clearly understood. This approach may be called "total
communication." Many children with apraxia of speech, even at young ages, have some
awareness of their difficulty. Providing successful communication experiences only encourages
the child. Also, for children with apraxia of speech, signs can become important visual cues to
help them know how to place their mouths, etc. in order to produce the desired word. With
appropriate therapy and a lot of follow-through by parents and others, many children with
apraxia of speech can become effective verbal communicators. (From Apraxia-Kids Homepage,
www.apraxia-kids.org)
Following are links to related Internet resources, and Internet discussion groups,
as well as selected citations from the ERIC database and the search terms we used to find the
citations.
You can search the ERIC database yourself on the Internet through either of the following web sites:
ERIC Citations
The full text of ERIC documents (for example, EDxxxxxx) is available:
- In microfiche collections worldwide; to find your nearest ERIC Resource Collection, point your web browser to: http://ericae.net/derc.htm.
- For a fee through the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS): http://edrs.com, service@edrs.com, or 1.800.443.ERIC.
(no longer available)
The full text of citations beginning with an EJ number (for example, EJxxxxxx) is available for a fee from:
- The originating journal
- Through interlibrary loan services at your local college or public library
- From article reproduction services such as
ERIC Search Terms Used
apraxia
EJ390586 EC212736
Developmental Apraxia and Augmentative or Alternative Communication--A Case
Example.
Culp, Delva M.
Augmentative and Alternative Communication, v5 n1 p27-34 Mar 1989
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
Journal Announcement: CIJOCT89
The case study involves a developmentally apraxic eight-year-old girl using a
multimodal communication system. The Partners in Augmentative Communication Training
program was implemented. Results after two months suggested some improvement in
communication interaction skills. Issues regarding developmental apraxia and the use
of augmentative and alternative communication are addressed.
Descriptors: Case Studies; Children; *Communication Disorders; *Communication
Skills; *Interaction; *Language Acquisition; *Language Handicaps; *Teaching Methods;
Total Communication
Identifiers: *Apraxia (Speech)
EJ289816 EC160501
Syntactic Findings in Developmental Verbal Apraxia.
Ekelman, Barbara L.; Aram, Dorothy M
Journal of Communication Disorders, v16 n4 p237-50 Jul 1983
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Journal Announcement: CIJMAR84
Analysis of spontaneous language samples of eight children (4-11 years old)
diagnosed with developmental verbal apraxia (motor speech disorder) revealed that at
least some of the errors could not be attributed to motor speech and/or phonologic
limitations but rather indicated concomitant syntactic disorders.
Descriptors: Elementary Education; Language Acquisition; *Language Handicaps;
*Speech Handicaps; *Syntax
Identifiers: *Verbal Apraxia
EJ526055 EC613882
The Specific Relation between Perception and Production Errors for Place of
Articulation in Developmental Apraxia of Speech.
Groenen, Paul; And Others
Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, v39 n3 p468-82 Jun 1996 ISSN: 0022-4685
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Journal Announcement: CIJNOV96
Target Audience: Researchers
Seventeen children (ages 6-11) with developmental apraxia of speech were
administered tests of identification and discrimination of resynthesized and
synthesized monosyllabic words differing in place of articulation of the initial
voiced stop consonants and intensity of the third formant. Results indicated no
phonetic processing deficit in developmental apraxia of speech, though subjects
demonstrated poorer discrimination, which suggests affected auditory processing.
Descriptors: Articulation (Speech); *Articulation Impairments; Auditory
Discrimination; *Auditory Perception; Children; Perceptual Impairments; Phonology;
Speech Acts; *Speech Impairments; *Speech Skills
Identifiers: *Apraxia (Speech)
EJ362401 EC201108
An Approach to the Treatment of Mild to Moderately Severe Apraxia.
Hagen, Chris
Topics in Language Disorders, v8 n1 p34-50 Dec 1987
For related articles, see EC 201 105-111.
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
Journal Announcement: CIJMAR88
An approach to treating mild to moderately severe cases of the speech disturbance,
apraxia, focuses on helping the patient establish a conscious knowledge of how an
accurate response is produced through a five-phase training program.
Descriptors: Cognitive Processes; Expressive Language; *Language Handicaps; *Speech
Handicaps; *Speech Therapy; *Training Methods
Identifiers: *Apraxia
EJ399104 EC221196
The Occurrence of Developmental Apraxia of Speech in a Mild Articulation Disorder:
A Case Study.
Hall, Penelope K.
Journal of Communication Disorders, v22 n4 p265-76 Aug 1989
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); PROJECT DESCRIPTION (141)
Journal Announcement: CIJAPR90
Target Audience: Teachers; Practitioners
A case study is presented of a fourth-grade girl with a seemingly mild "r"
articulation problem. During remediation, it was determined that the girl also presented
characteristics consistent with developmental apraxia of speech. A motor-
programming remedial model was initiated; following five semesters of remediation,
acceptable performance levels were attained.
Descriptors: *Articulation Impairments; Case Studies; Educational Diagnosis;
*Handicap Identification; Intermediate Grades; *Speech Handicaps; Speech Improvement;
*Speech Therapy
Identifiers: *Apraxia (Speech)
ED288283 EC200753
The Presence of Word-Retrieval Deficits in Developmental Verbal Apraxia.
Hall, Penelope K.; And Others
Nov 1986
22p.; Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-
Hearing Association (Detroit, MI, November 21-24, 1986).
EDRS Price - MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS.
Language: English
Document Type: CONFERENCE PAPER (150); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Geographic Source: U.S.; Iowa
Journal Announcement: RIEAPR88
Five children, aged 7-10 years, exhibiting Developmental Verbal Apraxia (DVA) were
evaluated to determine the presence of word-retrieval problems. DVA is a symptom
cluster including at least some of 21 potential symptoms, such as delayed speech
development and severe articulation disorder. The Boston Naming Test (a picture
confrontation naming task) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, Form L,
were administered to all subjects. Evidence of word-finding problems was based on
the number of correct responses, the speed with which responses were given, and other
word-finding behaviors. Results indicated that the DVA children had more restricted
receptive vocabularies, expressively identified fewer pictures correctly upon
confrontation, identified the pictures more slowly than did normal children of the
same age, and exhibited more behaviors often associated with word-finding problems
(such as fidgeting and hitting their heads). A year later, two of the DVA children
were administered the new German's Test of Word Finding, which confirmed the
continuing presence of word-finding problems. It was concluded that children
exhibiting DVA are thus at high risk to exhibit significant word-retrieval problems,
and remedial objectives addressing these problems should be included in treatment
programs of DVA clients so identified. Appended are tables detailing the research
results.
Descriptors: Articulation Impairments; Communication Skills; Elementary Education;
*Expressive Language; *Language Handicaps; *Receptive Language; *Speech Handicaps;
Speech Skills; *Verbal Ability; Verbal Tests
Identifiers: *Apraxia (Speech); *Word Retrieval
EJ470753 EC606997
The Perception and Production of Rhyme in Normal and Developmentally Apraxic
Children.
Marion, Michelle J.; And Others
Journal of Communication Disorders, v26 n3 p129-60 Sep 1993
ISSN: 0021-9924
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Journal Announcement: CIJFEB94
Target Audience: Researchers
The phonological competence of 4 children, ages 5-7 years old, with a diagnosis of
developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), was contrasted to that of 4 normal children.
The DAS children revealed a severe deficit in rhyming ability. Results suggest that
DAS is a fundamental disorder of the segmental phonological level of language.
Descriptors: *Developmental Disabilities; *Language Acquisition; *Language
Handicaps; *Phonology; Speech Skills; Young Children
Identifiers: *Apraxia (Speech); *Rhyme
EJ390584 EC212734
Augmentative and Alternative Communication Applications for Persons with Severe
Congenital Communication Disorders: An Introduction.
Mirenda, Pat; Mathy-Laikko, Pamela
Augmentative and Alternative Communication, v5 n1 p3-13 Mar 1989
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); REVIEW LITERATURE (070)
Journal Announcement: CIJOCT89
The paper presents an overview of issues in augmentative and alternative
communication as well as basic information on etiology, prevalence, and associated
communication characteristics for the following conditions: cerebral palsy, mental
retardation, autism, developmental verbal apraxia, and specific language disorders.
Descriptors: Autism; Cerebral Palsy; *Communication Disorders; Communication Skills;
*Disabilities; Incidence; Language Handicaps; Mental Retardation; Therapy
Identifiers: *Augmentative Communication Systems
EJ380092 EC211142
Management Strategies for Developmental Apraxia of Speech: A Review of Literature.
Pannbacker, Mary
Journal of Communication Disorders, v21 n5 p363-71 Sep 1988
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); REVIEW LITERATURE (070)
Journal Announcement: CIJAPR89
The paper describes a series of management strategies for developmental apraxia of speech.
Numerous unanswered questions about the effects of therapy are posed and
pertinent research issues are identified.
Descriptors: *Developmental Disabilities; *Outcomes of Treatment; Research Needs;
*Speech Handicaps; *Speech Therapy
Identifiers: *Apraxia (Speech)
EJ544449 EC616524
Developmental Apraxia of Speech: I. Descriptive and Theoretical Perspectives.
Shriberg, Lawrence D.; And Others
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, v40 n2 p273-85 Apr 1997
ISSN: 1092-4388
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); REVIEW LITERATURE (070);
RESEARCH REPORT
(143)
Journal Announcement: CIJOCT97
Discusses developmental apraxia of speech (DAS), a putative diagnostic category for
children whose speech errors differ from errors of children with developmental speech
delay and resemble errors of adults with acquired apraxia of speech. A study of 148
children with language impairments investigated the diagnosis of DAS.
Descriptors: Children; *Clinical Diagnosis; *Developmental Delays; *Disability
Identification; *Etiology; Speech Evaluation; *Speech Impairments; Student
Characteristics
Identifiers: *Apraxia (Speech)
EJ318000 CG528360
The Effects of Method and Comprehensiveness of Training on the Reliability and
Validity of Ratings of Counselor Empathy.
Wilson, F. Robert; Griswold, Mary Lynn
Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, v18 n1 p3-11 Apr 1985
Language: English
Document Type: JOURNAL ARTICLE (080); RESEARCH REPORT (143)
Journal Announcement: CIJSEP85
Type and comprehensiveness of training were experimentally manipulated (N=128) to
study their effects on the reliability and validity of rated counselor empathy.
Implications for observer training are discussed.
Descriptors: College Students; *Counselor Characteristics; *Empathy; *Interrater
Reliability; Observation; *Outcomes of Education; *Training Methods; Validity
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